Pregnant South Indian Sex Girls

As most adolescents who are pregnant are experiencing pregnancy for the first time, the need for careful monitoring and quality care during the antenatal, delivery and postnatal periods is generally more acute. Paradoxically, coverage of maternal health indicators, including contact with health system and quality of care, appear lower among adolescent girls than among all women and girls for most regions of the world. However, it should be noted that the difference in coverage between adolescents and all women is small in some regions, and in the case of Eastern and Southern Africa, coverage of skilled delivery and postnatal care for newborns is higher for adolescent girls.!function(e,t,s,i){var n="InfogramEmbeds",o=e.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=o[0],r=/^http:/.test(e.location)?"http:":"https:";if(/^\/{2}/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement("script");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,"infogram-async","//e.infogram.com/js/dist/embed-loader-min.js");

Globally, 84 per cent of pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 attended at least one antenatal care visit as compared to 88 per cent of all women and girls aged 15-49. Fewer adolescent girls received skilled delivery care as compared to all women and girls (77 to 84 per cent). Additionally, fewer adolescent girls received postnatal care for themselves as compared to all women and girls (66 per cent vs 69 per cent). There were relative differences in terms of postnatal care for newborns in some regions. In West and Central Africa, for example, 48 per cent of newborns to adolescent mothers had a postnatal contact as compared to 52 per cent of newborns to all mothers. Together, these findings again highlight that greater investment is needed in supporting adolescent girls to realize their sexual and reproductive health rights and advance into safe and healthy adulthoods.

The report found that in the majority of countries adolescent girls with no education or only primary education are up to four times more likely to get pregnant than girls with secondary or higher education. Girls whose households are part of the lowest wealth quintile are also three-to-four times more likely to become mothers compared with those in the highest quintile in the same country. Indigenous girls, especially in rural areas, have a higher probability of becoming pregnant at a young age.

Illiteracy of the woman, higher HIV prevalence among FSWs and early marriage were associated with HIV positivity among pregnant women in southern India. In addition to targeted HIV preventive interventions among FSWs, studying and changing the behavior of FSW clients and addressing structural drivers of the epidemic might indirectly help reduce HIV infection among women in southern India.

India is the second most populous country in the world and there is an estimated 2.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India [1, 2].The HIV epidemic in India is heterogeneous, both within and between districts in the four high prevalence southern Indian states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[3], Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra [4, 5]. HIV transmission in South India is mainly heterosexual. Over 80% of HIV-infected women in the general population acquire the infection from their husbands who buy sex or have sexual intimate partners other than wives [6]. During 2007, HIV sentinel surveillance was conducted at 646 antenatal clinics, and samples were collected from 245,516 pregnant women throughout the country [1]. HIV prevalence among antenatal clinic attendees (ANC) in the four southern states was found to be five times more than in the rest of the country. An ecological study on district level high-risk population variables has shown an association between HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) and ANC HIV prevalence, which was considered as a proxy for general population HIV prevalence in southern India [4]. Another independent study on south Indian pregnant women showed that individual level characteristics such as illiteracy and being employed but not in a service oriented job could also be associated with HIV risk [7]. Hence it is important to simultaneously examine the influence of district level as well as individual characteristics on HIV risk in this population. In addition, the associations previously identified in the published ecological analysis [4] could be spurious because of ecological bias and lack of appropriate control for confounding [8].

In this study, individual and district level variables that could characterize HIV positivity among pregnant women across 24 districts in four southern Indian states were examined using a multilevel statistical modelling approach. Among individual level characteristics, older women, illiterate women, those employed in agriculture and occupations truck/auto/taxi driver/helper/industry/factory workers/hotel staff had significantly higher odds of HIV positivity. Among district level variables, HIV prevalence among FSWs and the percentage of women marrying below 18 years were significantly associated with a higher HIV positivity among pregnant women.

In December 2020 Uganda introduced revised guidelines on pregnancy prevention and management in schools. The policy affirms the right to education of students who are pregnant or are parents, though it places numerous conditions on enrollment. It mandates schools to prioritize readmitting mothers and girls after pregnancy and provides redress for children and parents when public schools refuse to enroll them. It also gives schools guidance to tackle stigma, discrimination, and violence against students who are pregnant or are parents.

However, three AU countries still adhere to policies that bar pregnant girls and teenage mothers from going to school. Tanzania maintains an official ban on pregnant students and adolescent mothers in public schools, which was strengthened during the presidency of the late John Magufuli.

The World Bank should work with governments to move education systems toward full inclusion and accommodation of all girls in public schools, including those who are pregnant or parents. It should use its leverage to work with African governments to remove discriminatory or problematic policies that undermine education progress for all children, and encourage all governments to adopt inclusive, rights-respecting policies, Human Rights Watch said.

In 2012 one of the last years where data is available, 86 percent of pregnant adolescent girls dropped out of primary and secondary school. A national study showed that pregnancy was among the top reasons why girls dropped out, contributing to worrying levels of transition into, and retention in, secondary education.

leverages a change in legislation which allows pregnant girls to attend regular schooling, which they were previously barred from doing by school level regulation. This change in the internal regulation of schools was possible due to strong World Bank and other donor policy dialogue, including advocacy and stakeholder consultations, during the preparation of this project.

After initial pressure from the World Bank, the government agreed to allow adolescent mothers to enroll in Alternative Education Pathways, a parallel system of education taught in folk development centers, community-based education centers that are set up to teach technical and vocational education and accelerated adult basic education. This type of education is not tuition free, and it is currently the only way pregnant girls, adolescent mothers, and married students can study, unless they pay to enroll in private schools.

In March Leonard Akwilapo, the permanent secretary at the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, announced that 54 folk development centers would begin to enroll pregnant girls and adolescent mothers as of January 2022.

"It was very difficult to get pregnant ladies persuaded to do this, and you are not conducting a case against just one person, you are getting psychological pressure, your own family is saying, 'Nobody else is doing this. Why are you doing it?'" says Dr. Mishra, a private doctor from Faridabad, south of New Delhi. "But if I get support from the authorities, and a letter authorizing me to do this, we can do this all over the country." 2b1af7f3a8